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Economic Evaluation and Mismatch Analysis of Ecosystem Services for Sustainable Land Management

  • Kim, Jiwon (대학원 환경생태공학과 환경계획및조경학전공)

초록/요약

Human society has led the industrial revolution and created large cities to improve the quality of life for themselves, and the population growth has accelerated widespread land degradation and climate change. This has returned as major social problems including air pollution, disasters, and disputes over land and resources in all fields such as environment, politics, society, and economy, and now the international community is facing its responsibility. Accordingly, there is a growing demand for nature-based solutions (NbS) in resolving the problem of unclear responsibility and huge costs, and more fundamentally, in balancing between human activities and nature conservation. Since land is a space where nature and humans coincide, NbS are essential for decision-making related to land use or land planning, and through this, sustainability in land management can be secured. Through NbS in land use, humans can also obtain various collateral benefits from the existence of nature itself, which is called ecosystem service. Therefore, the direction of sustainable land management should be that of maximizing ecosystem services. Focusing on this point of view, this study sets the core goal of discovering the possibility of using ecosystem services as a means to support sustainable land management and deriving its direction. This study first considered the theoretical flow of sustainable land management and ecosystem services. Through literature review in Chapter 2, it was confirmed that sustainable land management is a concept that has been developed based on sustainability and that indicators are needed to evaluate it and provide direction. Ecosystem service is a concept that has emerged to recognize the value of ecosystems and has been studied for a long time in the field of environment and economy. However, there has been no clearly determined research system or methodology so far, and various but fragmented studies have been conducted. Nevertheless, ecosystem services have been attracting attention as appropriate indicators for sustainable land management. In Chapter 3, based the literature review, the applicability of the economic evaluation of ecosystem services to contribute to land decision-making was investigated. The optimal area for solar energy generation in Korea was 551,393 ha. Among them, for forests and idle agricultural land, the scenarios focusing on forest conservation, agriculture, and solar energy generation scenarios were respectively developed, and their economic values were analyzed. As a result, maintaining vegetation cover in forests had higher benefits than generating solar energy. In the case of idle agricultural land, agriculture generated a continuous deficit due to carbon emissions, and accordingly, the greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction through solar energy generation was more valuable than agricultural activities. However, economic value is not the only method among many means for land use planning, and it is necessary to consider the sustainability of land use and various indirect benefits from various aspects. In addition, it was suggested that land efficiency should be improved and GHG emissions should be reduced through the development of sustainable technologies, given that ecosystem preservation and renewable energy development are both essential elements for carbon neutrality. In Chapter 4, the demand and supply of ecosystem services were quantified and spatial imbalances were identified. This chapter aimed to contribute to the establishment of future land use plans by analyzing the correlation between the estimated imbalance and each land use. As a result, the severe excess demand in some cities for CO2 sequestration services in Korea was greater than the national supply. In particular, even if the GHG reduction target is achieved, significant demand reduction is necessary due to the vast amount of total emission compared to that can be absorbed. Heat mitigation service was maintained in supply to meet demand nationwide, but in some areas within the city, shortages of supply were noticeable. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a higher resolution-based study considering the characteristics of the heat island effect. In the case of water provision service, the national demand was being met by some supplier. Therefore, land management should be established while considering the relationship between the supplier and the beneficiary. In land use management, since the units for evaluating various values are different, economic evaluation is essential. However, at the same time, this economic evaluation is meaningful only when it is accompanied by social and political consensus on the economics of ecosystem services. Therefore, based on political and social consensus on the demand, supply, flow and imbalance of ecosystem services, more objective and scientific economic evaluation of ecosystem services must be accompanied to enable ecosystem services to be utilized as a tool to support practical policy decisions. In this study, the possibility of using ecosystem services in land policy was identified and specific measures were discussed through case analysis. It is hoped that various discussions will take place so that ecosystem services can be recognized for their value and established as a step in policy decision-making based on social consensus among numerous values.

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목차

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ················································· 1
1.1 Background ································································· 1
1.2 Motivations and Objectives ··············································· 4
1.3 Outline of the Dissertation ················································ 9
CHAPTER 2. THEORETICAL REVIEW AND CONCEPT ·················· 12
2.1 Sustainable Land Management ········································· 12
2.2 Ecosystem Services ······················································ 15
2.3 Research frame and Research area ····································· 21
2.3.1 Research frame ·················································· 21
2.3.2 Research area ···················································· 27
CHAPTER 3. NPV ANALYSIS OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES TO SOLVE LAND USE CONFLICT ···························································· 29
3.1 Introduction ······························································· 29
3.2 Method and Materials ···················································· 32
3.2.1 Method ····························································32
3.2.2 Materials ·························································· 43
3.3 Results ····································································· 45
3.3.1 Potential solar energy generation area ························ 45
3.3.2 Economic values from each land use scenario ·············· 49
3.3.3 NPV analysis for ecosystem-food-energy nexus ············ 52
3.4 Discussion ································································· 55
3.4.1 Analysis on NPV assessment of each scenario ·············· 55
3.4.2 Suggestion for supporting decision-making on land use management ···························································· 56
3.4.3 Limitations and implications ··································· 58
3.5 Conclusion ································································· 60
CHAPTER 4. QUANTIFYING MISMATCH OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND IN ECOSYSTEM SERVICES ··················································· 61
4.1 Introduction ······························································· 61
4.2 Method and Materials ···················································· 64
4.2.1 Data processing ·················································· 64
4.2.2 Method ···························································· 67
4.3 Results ····································································· 79
4.3.1 Spatiotemporal variation in ecosystem services ············· 79
4.3.2 Mismatch analysis based on LULC ··························· 97
4.4 Discussions ······························································· 109
4.4.1 Findings from spatial assessment of ecosystem services ·· 109
4.4.2 Implication for supporting land use management ·········· 112
4.4.3 Limitations and suggestions ·································· 114
4.5 Conclusion ·························································· 116
CHAPTER 5. GENERAL DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSION ········· 117
5.1 Limitation of Current Ecosystem Services to support Decision-making ········································································ 117
5.2 Suggestion to link Ecosystem Services with Sustainable Land
Management ·································································· 118
5.3 Conclusion ······························································· 121
REFERENCES ····································································· 125
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS ············································· 168
A. Supplementary materials in Chapter 3 ································· 168
B. Supplementary materials in Chapter 4 ································· 170
C. References of Supplementary materials ······························· 176

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