한국 역대 대통령의 레토릭 비교 : 아리스토텔레스 수사학의 실제적 적용
A Comparison of Korean Presidential Rhetoric : Practical Application of Aristotle's Rhetoric
- 주제(키워드) 한국 대통령 , 미디어 , 연설 , 대통령 레토릭 , 스피치 , 아리스토텔레스 , 수사학
- 발행기관 고려대학교 언론대학원
- 지도교수 박재영
- 발행년도 2020
- 학위수여년월 2020. 2
- 학위구분 석사
- 학과 언론대학원 언론뉴미디어학과
- 세부전공 언론전공
- 원문페이지 131 p
- UCI I804:11009-000000128302
- DOI 10.23186/korea.000000128302.11009.0000946
- 본문언어 한국어
- 제출원본 000046022285
초록/요약
연설의 가치는 시대를 불문하고 항상 중시되었다. 일찍이 아리스토텔레스는 설득의 고전이라 불리는 <수사학>을 통해 연설의 구조와 설득에 필요한 요소들을 체계화하면서 연설의 궁극적 목적인 설득 가능성을 높일 수 있는 방법에 대해 정리했다. 이 같은 수사적 기법은 과거에서부터 현재에 이르기까지 연설에 주요한 영향을 미치고 있다고 전해진다. 현대로 들어서면서 미디어라는 매개체와 만난 연설은 더욱 쉽고 빠르게 대중에게 전달될 수 있게 되었다. 공적인 말하기의 성격을 가지는 미디어 연설은 주로 특정한 목적과 의도를 담아 연사의 다양한 언어적 표현을 통해 전달된다. 따라서 대표성을 가진 업무의 책임자나 전문가가 연설을 담당하게 된다. 그중에서도 대통령의 연설은 미디어 연설의 대표적 사례이자 공적 연설의 최정점에 있는 국가적 대표자로서 다양한 시대적 상황과 맞물려 그 자체로서 매우 중요한 의미를 갖는다고 볼 수 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 대한민국의 경우 해외 사례와 달리 대통령 연설과 관련해 현실적인 연구 사례가 많지 않고, 진행된 연구의 경우 한정적인 분야에만 집중된 경향이 있어 아쉬움으로 남았다. 이와 같은 필요성에 따라 본 연구에서는 한국 역대 대통령들이 공식 석상에서 연설했던 자료 중 시대별 주요한 가치를 지닌 연설로 대표되는 취임사와 신년사, 국회연설, 성명 및 담화문, 기념사 등 5가지 유형의 연설문을 대상으로 고대 아리스토텔레스의 <수사학>에 기반해 로고스와 에토스, 파토스로 대표되는 설득소구들이 실제 어떻게 사용되고 있는지 확인해 봄으로써 향후 진행될 미디어 연설 연구나 대통령 레토릭 연구에 대한 방향을 제시하고자 했다. 연설자료는 윤보선, 최규하 대통령을 제외한 총 10인의 대통령 자료 각 20건씩 모두 200건의 자료를 랜덤 수집해 연구를 진행했다. 또한 양적 분석을 위한 코딩과 질적 분석을 함께 진행해 양적인 분석만을 거쳤을 때 발견하기 어려운 연설의 구조적 특징이나 각각 두드러지는 성향 및 기조, 역사적·정치적으로 특수했던 상황 등에 대해 직접 연설문을 보면서 파악했다. 이를 위해 선행 연구에서 분석한 대통령 연설 관련 연구에 바탕을 두고 아리스토텔레스의 <수사학>이 현대 대통령 연설에 어떻게 적용되고 있는지 살폈다. 먼저 양적 연구를 위해 세 가지 설득 요소인 로고스, 에토스, 파토스에 조작적 정의를 내려 세부 유목을 설정 후 코딩하는 작업을 거쳤다. 분석 결과 한국 역대 대통령은 연설에서 로고스와 에토스, 파토스 순으로 설득 요소 활용에 중요한 비중을 둔 것으로 나타났다. 이는 논리에 바탕을 두어 국민을 설득하기 위한 목적으로 행해지는 대통령 연설의 특징으로 보인다. 또, 역대 대통령 중 연설에서 로고스를 가장 많이 사용한 대통령은 전두환 대통령이었다. 다음으로 에토스는 이명박 대통령이, 파토스는 이승만 대통령이 가장 많은 빈도를 나타냈다. 추가적으로 설득의 3가지 요소를 각각 세부 유목에 따라 나눠 살펴보는 작업을 진행했는데 양면논증과 사실 예증, 비유, 선의표현, 내러티브, 부정적 공포소구, 따스함·연민소구, 도덕·죄책감소구에서 유의미한 결과를 얻어 각 대통령별로 차이를 갖는다는 사실을 발견했다. 이후 교차분석을 통해 각 설득소구별 비교 분석을 진행해 청중의 저항성을 약화시키는 논증 관련 유목과 은유, 우화로 대표되는 비유 예증, 화자인 대통령에 대한 신뢰도 여부와 관계되는 공신력표현에서 유의미한 결과를 얻기도 했다. 이어 질적 연구에서는 역대 대통령 연설문을 구조적·내용적으로 분석하는 과정을 거쳤다. 각 설득 요소가 실제 어떻게 표현되었는지 살펴보고 어감이나 단어 사용 양태를 통해 내포된 의미를 찾아보려 했다. 결과적으로 박정희 대통령이나 김영삼 대통령, 김대중 대통령, 노무현 대통령, 이명박 대통령, 문재인 대통령 연설의 일부 유형에서 각각 유사한 구조를 발견해 낼 수 있었다. 이 같은 작업은 한국 역대 대통령 레토릭이 갖는 각각의 특성을 밝히고 이에 기초해 공적 연설 기법과 미디어 스피치 기반을 마련할 가능성을 높이는 의미가 있을 것으로 보인다.
more초록/요약
This study aims to examine the integrated features and trends of presidential speeches by analyzing the rhetorics of the former and incumbent Korean Presidents from Rhee Syng-man to Moon Jae-in. Recently, a speech means a lot more than before by the changes of media environments. Moreover, a speech conveyed through the media is generally official and is considered even more important, because it is usually delivered by the people who take the responsibility and accountability for the public area. A presidential speech is a prime example of the public speech in media. That is why I sincerely believe this study carries an important meaning. However, there have been just few studies on the presidential rhetoric in Korea, and the studies on a speech so far have only dealt with some limited fields such as presidential election debates or the core value of a speech. This study is the first to analyze the speeches of 10 former and incumbent Korean Presidents, especially based on Aristotle's Rhetoric. Also, this study includes the attempt for the comparative analysis of this argument. Therefore, such an attempt in this study is expected to be helpful for the related studies in the future. To achieve the purpose of this study, the quantitative and qualitative analysis on how the 3 essential elements of persuasion that were highly appreciated in the past such as logos, ethos, and pathos have been used in the speeches of the Korean Presidents were conducted. The analysis in this study has been based on Aristotle’s Rhetoric in which the structure of a speech and the essential elements for persuasion were systemized. First, as for the quantitative analysis, coding was conducted according to the detailed analytic categories through the operational definition. This process was helpful to prove that the Korean Presidents in general have placed a great importance on logos. President Chun Doo-hwan used logos most frequently, and it was President Lee Myung-bak who used ethos more often, and President Rhee Syng-man made the best use of pathos. Further analysis was conducted in the process of dividing the 3 essential elements of persuasion into the detailed categories. It was proved that each President was different especially in ambivalent argumentation, factual illustration, analogy, favorable expression, narrative, negative fear appeal, warmth·sympathy appeal, and morality·guilt appeal. Then, a comparative analysis of the persuasion appeal was conducted through the cross analysis. It worked out for the significant result in the category of argumentation weakening resistance by the audience, analogy and illustration represented by metaphors and fables and expression of credibility related to reliability of the President. Next, a qualitative analysis was carried out in the process of analyzing the texts of the presidential speech in terms of the structure and content. The research was conducted to examine how the element of persuasion was expressed respectively in a real context, and find out the implicit meaning of a speech through the nuance or usage of words. As a result, this study was helpful to find out that there has been partially a similar structure in certain types of speech of Presidents Park Chung-hee, Kim Young-sam, Kim Dae-jung, Roh Moo-hyun, Lee Myung-bak and Moon Jae-in. This study is expected to increase the possibility for approach to the presidential speech in media in terms of journalism and mass communication field, and at the same time, it could have the positive effect on expansion of related studies.
more목차
제1장 서론··················································································1
제2장 문헌 검토···········································································6
제3장 아리스토텔레스 레토릭 이론의 등장 배경과 이론적 논의········16
제1절 로고스(이성소구)······························································20
제2절 에토스(공신력소구)···························································24
제3절 파토스(감성소구)······························································28
제4장 연구 문제와 연구 방법························································37
제1절 연구 문제·········································································37
제2절 연구 방법·········································································39
제3절 분석 유목과 조작적 정의····················································43
1. 로고스·················································································46
2. 에토스·················································································48
3. 파토스·················································································50
제5장 연구결과············································································52
제1절 아리스토텔레스 수사학의 설득 요소에 따른 분석···················52
1. 역대 한국 대통령 전체 설득소구 활용 빈도································52
2. 개인별 역대 한국 대통령 설득소구 활용 빈도·······························54
1) 대통령별 로고스 활용 빈도···················································59
2) 대통령별 에토스 활용 빈도···················································62
3) 대통령별 파토스 활용 빈도·······················································65
3. 설득소구별 사용 비중······························································68
1) 대통령별 로고스 분석 유목별 사용 비중·································68
2) 대통령별 에토스 분석 유목별 사용 비중·································70
3) 대통령별 파토스 분석 유목별 사용 비중·································71
4. 설득소구별 교차분석 결과······················································73
1) 청중의 저항성 악화 가능성 : 논증 방법··································73
2) 논증의 효과 향상 가능성 : 비유·············································74
3) 연사에 대한 신뢰감 상승 가능성 : 공신력표현·························75
제2절 역대 대통령별 연설의 특징··················································76
1. 이승만 대통령 연설································································76
2. 박정희 대통령 연설································································78
3. 전두환 대통령 연설································································82
4. 노태우 대통령 연설································································85
5. 김영삼 대통령 연설································································87
6. 김대중 대통령 연설································································90
7. 노무현 대통령 연설································································91
8. 이명박 대통령 연설································································94
9. 박근혜 대통령 연설································································97
10. 문재인 대통령 연설······························································99
제6장 결론·················································································105
참고문헌····················································································115
ABSTRACT················································································121
