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한국 1인가구의 행복요인에 관한 연구 : 서울시 거주자의 세대별 비교를 중심으로

  • 이민정 (대학원 사회학과 사회학전공)

초록/요약

This study analyzes the influences of economic resource, human resource, relational resource, and leisure resource on happiness of one-person households, and also is a quantitative research that attempts a comprehensive explanation on the happiness factors of one-person households by conducting a comparison by generation and with multi-person households. I chose the case of Seoul for this purpose, as one-person households are currently the most common form of family in Seoul and as the capital city is higher in the ratio of single-person households than the national average. In addition, I considered the fact that the number of one-person households in Seoul is increasing with the population concentrating in Seoul as it offers better educational opportunities, jobs, and other cultural infrastructures. Therefore, in this study, two research hypotheses were set to examine the happiness factors of single-person households. The first is to examine the overall happiness level of such households through a comparison of the happiness levels of one-person and multi-person households. The second is to examine the differences in the happiness factors for the young, middle-aged, and elderly by comparing the influencing factors of happiness in one-person households by generation. In this process, I conducted a comparison with multi-person households to find out that the results of this study were effects coming from the household type and not generational effects. To this end, two types of theoretical discussions were summarized. The first was to examine the social background for the increase in one-person households through flexibility, individualization, De-standardization of Life-course, hyper-urbanization and changes in marital status. The second is to define the happiness levels as the subjective evaluation of everyday life experiences based on the view that human emotions are a product of society, and the relationship between the amount of retained resources needed to live everyday life and happiness levels was examined. In order to pursue these research goals, I created a research model selecting happiness levels as the dependent variable; selecting the happiness factors for single-person households such as economic resource, human resource, relational resource, and leisure resource as independent variables; and selecting gender, age, and religion as control variables to conduct a multiple regression analysis. The data used in the analysis were the 2017 Seoul Survey from the Seoul Institute based on surveys on 3,939 one-person households and 36,548 multi-person households. The analysis results are as follows: First, the happiness levels of one-person households were shown to be lower than multi-person households for all generations including the young, middle-aged, and elderly, which showed that the happiness levels of the single people were very low. Second, the factors that have a positive effect on the happiness levels of young one-person households were shown to be household income, retirement preparation, subjective health, group activities, and parental assistance with economic resources, the last of which showed an especially strong influence. Therefore, it seems that this generation is interested in a situation that allows for stable living for them in the future, and the most important factor that makes young one-person households happy is the expectation for the future. Third, the factors that have a positive effect on the happiness levels of middle-aged one-person households were shown to be household income, retirement preparation, education level, group activities, and social support, showing that this generation tended to aim for more independent living than the young generation. Especially when considering the fact that the influence of jobs was very high on the happiness level, one can view the most important happiness factor for middle-aged one-person households to be efficacy. Fourth, the happiness levels of elderly one-person households were shown to be positively influenced by household income, home ownership, retirement preparation, subjective health, education level, group activities, social support, and jobs (service and sales positions only). Unlike other generations, the influence of home ownership was strong, and they could be seen to pursue stable financial means as they preferred to work despite being of retirement age. Therefore, the happiness factor for the elderly one-person household can be defined as the feeling of comfort that allows for comfortable living. Consequently, this study is meaningful in that it hierarchically examined the influence of happiness factors by analyzing these factors from a multiple perspective of economic resource, human resource, relational resource, and leisure resource. In addition, the happiness factors of single-person households differed by generation while at the same time showing different results from multi-person households. This showed that in order to improve the happiness levels of one-person households, a different approach from multi-person households is called for and that generational characteristics also need to be taken into account. From this, one can derive a lesson that policy measures custom-tailored to single-person households are needed in addition to a multitude of policies directed toward multi-person households.

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목차

제1장 서론 1
제1절 연구배경 1
제2절 연구목적 6
제3절 논문의 구성 9
제2장 이론적 배경 및 선행연구 검토 11
제1절 현대사회 가족변화와 1인가구화 11
1. 가족의 변화 11
2. 가족변동에 대한 이론적 쟁점 13
1) 가족 해체론 13
2) 가족 재구조화론 14
3. 1인가구 증가의 구조적 배경 17
1) 유연화 17
2) 개인화 19
3) 생애과정의 복합화 22
4) 과잉도시화 24
5) 결혼관의 변화 27
제2절 1인가구의 정의 및 세대별 특성29
1. 1인가구의 정의 및 특성29
1) 1인가구의 정의 29
2) 서울시 1인가구의 특성 30
2. 1인가구의 세대 구성 32
1) 세대의 개념 32
2) 청년 1인가구 34
3) 중년 1인가구 37
4) 노년 1인가구 39
제3절 행복에 대한 개념 및 이론적 논의 43
1. 행복의 개념 43
2. 행복에 관한 이론 45
제4절 1인가구의 행복 구성요인 47
1. 1인가구의 행복 현황 47
2. 1인가구의 인구사회학적 특성과 행복 48
3. 1인가구의 행복요인과 세대별 특성 49
1) 경제자원 50
2) 인적자원 52
3) 관계자원 55
4) 여가자원 58
제5절 연구모형 및 연구가설 61
1. 연구모형 61
2. 연구가설 62
제3장 연구방법 64
제1절 분석자료 64
제2절 연구대상 66
제3절 변수의 구성 68
1. 종속변수 68
2. 독립변수 68
3. 통제변수 72
제4절 분석절차 74
제4장 연구결과 75
제1절 응답자의 일반적 특성 75
제2절 변수들에 대한 특성 78
1. 종속변수 78
2. 독립변수 79
3. 통제변수 88
제3절 변수들 간의 상관관계 90
제4절 인구사회학적 특성별 행복도 차이 94
1. 성별 행복도 차이 94
2. 혼인상태별 행복도 차이 95
3. 종교유무별 행복도 차이 96
4. 사회경제적 지위별 행복도 차이 97
5. 거주지역별 행복도 차이 103
제5절 1인가구의 세대별 행복도 영향요인 105
1. 1인가구의 행복도 영향요인 105
2. 1인가구의 세대별 행복도 영향요인 109
1) 청년세대 1인가구의 행복도 영향요인 109
2) 중년세대 1인가구의 행복도 영향요인 112
3) 노년세대 1인가구의 행복도 영향요인 115
4) 1인가구의 세대별 행복요인 비교 118
제5장 연구결과에 대한 해석과 함의 123
제1절 1인가구의 행복도 123
제2절 1인가구의 인구사회학적 특성과 행복도 126
제3절 1인가구의 경제자원과 행복도 129
제4절 1인가구의 인적자원과 행복도 131
제5절 1인가구의 관계자원과 행복도 133
제6절 1인가구의 여가자원과 행복도 135
제6장 결론 및 제언 136
제1절 연구결과 요약 136
제2절 연구의 의의 및 제언 139
참고문헌 142
Abstract 168

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