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Neighborhood Poverty and Life Satisfaction in Seoul

서울의 근린 지역 빈곤과 삶의 만족도에 관한 연구

초록/요약

This paper examines how neighborhood poverty affects the quality of life in Seoul. Studying neighborhood effects is important because geographically concentrated poverty can adversely influence the lives of the poor. Previous papers on neighborhood effects in Seoul have used geographical units that are too large to be neighborhoods or have used datasets that include residents only from parts of the city. This paper fills the gap in the literature by using zones (동, 洞) as neighborhood units and a sample that represents the total population. Multilevel regression models are used to test the effect of neighborhood poverty on various social outcomes. The results show that neighborhood poverty negatively affects perceived safety in daily life, perceived upward social mobility, self-rated health and satisfaction as a community member. The results also show that the negative effects of neighborhood poverty are stronger for people with lower household income. This paper contributes to the literature in two ways. First, it provides empirical evidence that neighborhood poverty exacerbates the living conditions of the poor in Seoul. Second, it shows that neighborhood effects exist even in contexts where the poor are not ethnic minorities. The practical implication of these findings is that the Seoul city government should devise policies to improve the conditions of the deprived neighborhoods in the city. The limitation of this paper is that the analysis is cross-sectional and unobserved heterogeneity in individuals may have caused omitted variable bias.

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초록/요약

본 연구는 서울에서 근린 지역의 빈곤율이 거주자의 삶의 만족도에 미치는 영향을 경험적으로 연구하였다. 빈곤의 지리적 집중은 빈곤층의 삶에 부정적인 영향을 미쳐 빈곤을 장기화할 수 있다. 기존에 서울에서 근린 효과를 연구한 문헌들은 시군구를 지역 단위로 하여 연구하거나, 서울 일부 지역에서만 수집한 자료를 이용하였다는 점에서 한계가 있었다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 동(洞)을 지역 단위로 하고, 서울 전체 인구에 대하여 대표성을 가지는 서울 서베이 자료를 이용하였다. 연구 방법으로는 다층 분석 방법을 사용하였으며, 가구소득 수준, 교육 수준 등의 개인적 변수를 통제한 상태에서, 근린 지역의 빈곤율이 개인의 삶에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 근린 지역의 빈곤율이 개인의 안전에 대한 인식, 미래의 사회계층이동 가능성에 대한, 건강에 대한 인식, 근린 지역 내의 인간관계에 대한 인식에 대하여 부정적인 영향을 미친다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 근린 지역의 빈곤율과 가구 소득의 교호작용을 검증하여, 근린 지역 빈곤율의 영향은 가구 소득이 낮을수록 더 크다는 것을 확인하였다. 이 연구는 서울에서 근린 지역의 빈곤율이 빈곤층의 삶에 부정적인 영향을 미친다는 경험적 근거를 제공한다는 점, 빈곤층이 인종적 소수자가 아닌 환경에서도 근린 효과가 충분히 나타난다는 것을 보여준다는 점에서 학문적인 의의를 가진다. 또한 서울시 정부가 낙후 지역의 환경을 개선하기 위해서 정책적인 노력을 해야 한다는 것을 보여준다. 이 연구의 한계는 분석 자료가 횡단면 자료이기 때문에, 분석 결과가 측정되지 않은 변수에 의해 영향을 받았을 수 있다는 것이다.

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목차

Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Research Background
1.2 Research Scope and Questions
1.3 Research Methodology
1.4 Structure of the Paper
Chapter 2 Theoretical Background and Literature Review
2.1 Key Definitions
2.1.1 Definition of Neighborhood
2.1.2 Definition of Poverty
2.1.3 Definition of Neighborhood Poverty
2.2 Theories of Neighborhood Effects
2.2.1 Social Disorganization Theory
2.2.2 Concentration Effect
2.2.3 Theory of Collective Efficacy
2.3 Social Outcomes of Neighborhood Poverty
2.3.1 Neighborhood Poverty and Crime
2.3.2 Neighborhood Poverty and Labor Income
2.3.3 Neighborhood Poverty and Employment
2.3.4 Neighborhood Poverty and Health
2.3.5 Neighborhood Poverty and Social Relationships
2.3.6 Heterogeneity in Response to Neighborhood Characteristics
Chapter 3 Study Design
3.1 Research Hypothesis
3.2 Operationalization and Measurement of Neighborhood Poverty
3.2.1 Operationalization of Neighborhood Poverty
3.2.1.1 The Problem of Ambiguous Neighborhood Boundaries
3.2.1.2 The Use of Administrative Units to Operationalize Neighborhoods
3.2.1.3 Innovative Attempts to Operationalize Neighborhoods
3.2.1.4 Neighborhood Operationalization in Seoul
3.2.2 Measurement of Neighborhood Poverty
3.3 Data Description
3.3.1 Seoul Survey Data
3.3.2 Description of Variables
3.4 Statistical Model
Chapter 4 Distribution of Neighborhood Poverty in Seoul
4.1 Distribution of Neighborhood Poverty in 2017
4.2 Comparing Neighborhood Poverty in 2008 and 2017
Chapter 5 Empirical Results on the Relationship between Neighborhood Poverty and Quality of life of Residents
5.1 Descriptive Statistics
5.2 Results of Multilevel Analysis
5.2.1 Neighborhood Poverty and Perceived Level of Safety in Daily life
5.2.2 Neighborhood Poverty and Perceived Level of Violent Crimes
5.2.3 Neighborhood Poverty and Social Mobility of Self
5.2.4 Neighborhood Poverty and Perceived Social Mobility of Children
5.2.5 Neighborhood Poverty and Happiness from Health
5.2.6 Neighborhood Poverty and Depression
5.2.7 Neighborhood Poverty and Hindrance of Social Activities Due to Health
5.2.8 Neighborhood Poverty and Satisfaction as a Community Member
5.2.9 Neighborhood Poverty and Neighborhood Trust
5.3 Discussion
Chapter 6 Conclusion
Appendix A

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