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주희(朱熹) 『소학(小學)』사상의 형성과 교육적 함의

  • 전선숙 (대학원 교육학과 교육철학및교육사학전공)

초록/요약

A study on the formation and pedagogical’s meanings of Zhu-xi’s ‘xiao-xue’ thoughts Sunsuk Jeon Zhu-xi’s thoughts were great achievements of Neo-Confucian school in the Song(宋) dynasty. He had deep insights about the idea of self-cultivation(修養). At the age of 58 he published Xiao Xue(『小學』) in 1223. It brings together the Zhu-xi’s experience during the time when he served as an executive officer(同安主簿) of Tongan region. He had learned the essence of Ryu Xue(儒學) from Teacher Li Tong (延平先生) for several years. Ever since the decease of Teacher Li Tong he had thought and arranged his ideas about the study of Mibal(未發), the state of calmness when the heart does not waver, and suggested the way of fostering the study of Mibal in Zhong He Xin Shuo(中和新說). At the end of his service as an executive officer of Tongan region(同安主簿) he had read the book of Zi Zhang(子張) of 『the Analects of Confucius(論語)』 and thought about the basic learning based on Li-il-boon-soo(理一分殊), and expressed his thought about the necessity of the teaching materials for the study of Mibal through Zhong He Xin Shuo. Also, his argument was that in order to solve the problems in reality it is required to understand the own heart and develop the self physically and mentally, so he has truly cherished 『the Analects of Confucius』 which emphasizes the practice of ‘benevolence(仁)’ in the everyday life. The Xiao Xue thoughts of Zhu-Xi can be abbreviated into the three main points. Firstly, the practice of ‘Il(事)’ of Xiao Xue(the pattern of behavior about the sweeping and cleaning the yard, the manner of responding to the call of parents, the wisdom of knowing when to advance and retreat[灑掃應對進退之節] and the way of loving parents, respecting the elders, honoring the teachers and trusting in friends[愛親敬長隆師親友之道]) among ‘Li-il-boon-soo’ corresponds to the wisdom of understanding one’s place and life(boon-soo). Even though its practice is a small work but such works penetrate the logic(理) of Sheng Xue(聖學). Secondly, according to Zhong He Xin Shuo, one needs to develop oneself even in the time of ‘Mibal’. Therefore, by studying 『Xiao Xue』 in the time of Mibal one can excellently handle the times of troubles in the state of ‘Leebal’, the state of chaos in the heart caused by one’s greed. So by practicing the works and fostering the development in the daily life one can come to the thought adequate to the situation and handle the problems based on the fosterage in the usual times while facing the problems. Thirdly, the main topic of 『the Analects of Confucius』 is to practice the ‘benevolence(仁)’ in the everyday life. The benevolence of 󰡔the Analects of Confucius』 and ‘the way of loving parents, respecting elders, honoring teachers and trusting in friends[愛親敬長隆師親友之道]’ of 󰡔Xiao Xue』 are both essentially the same, the love in mankind. Human beings live in the relationships for their entire life, so it is required to live by practicing the benevolence, the core essence of 󰡔the Analects of Confucius』. Thus, it means that 『Xiao Xue』 is not merely a book for teaching children, but it is a book that pursuits the most basic utmost important daily fosterage, which should be practiced for the entire life. Therefore, 『Xiao Xue』 is the book of daily fosterage about practicing the works required to be done in the entire lifetime. In the terms of learning, the book guarantees the continuity of development(from the womb till death) as the lifelong education and teaches ‘the pattern of behavior about the sweeping and cleaning the yard, the manner of responding to the call of parents, the wisdom of knowing when to advance and retreat[灑掃應對進退之節]’ and ‘the way of loving parents, respecting the elders, honoring the teachers and trusting in friends[愛親敬長隆師親友之道]’ from one’s childhood as the timely education, thus the book emphasizes the fosterage of the essence of a human being. The pedagogical meanings of 『Xiao Xue』 are as the following. Firstly, 『Xiao Xue』 is the book of daily fosterage, which is studied for a lifetime. The contents of Xiao Xue is ‘the pattern of behavior about the sweeping and cleaning the yard, the manner of responding to the call of parents, the wisdom of knowing when to advance and retreat[灑掃應對進退之節]’ and ‘the way of loving parents, respecting the elders, honoring the teachers and trusting in friends[愛親敬長隆師親友之道]’, which are the works that takes place in the everyday life not only in the childhood, but also after one becomes an adult. Secondly, Xiao Xue suggests the guideline and contents of education to the parents and teachers, who are the educators. The content of Xiao Xue is very lengthy and consisted with difficult words, so rather than using the book for the self-education of young children, it is more suited for the educators, the parents and teachers, to study Xiao Xue and teach the young children about its contents. Thirdly, Xiao Xue education aims at the autonomy and self-education. If one merely memorizes and mimics identically the behaviors presented in Xiao Xue, than the person will simply become a machine that performs the virtuous actions. It is important to understand the reasons and logic of the actions, while studying Xiao Xue, and apply them in the own life, so the person could set the determination about learning and pursue the autonomous education. Forthly, Xiao Xue cherishes the value of an ordinary life. The works in Xiao Xue are about organizing one’s surroundings and being honest and sincere to others. It is about knowing when one should advance and forfeit in a certain matter and practicing the adequate manners based on the respect when interacts with others. It is a lifelong practice for all human beings. Therefore, practicing such works in the daily life is not simply a mediocre thing, but a great learning.

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목차

Ⅰ. 서론 1
1. 연구의 필요성 및 목적 1
2. 연구의 내용 및 방법 6


Ⅱ. 일용함양서로서 소학(小學)의 형성 10
1. 소학사상의 등장 10
1) 소학사상의 단초 : 리일분수(理一分殊) 10
2) 초기의 소학사상 : 『동몽수지』· 『훈몽절구』 26
2. 소학의 사상적 심화 40
1) 소학사상의 토대 : 중화논변(中和論辨) 40
2) 소학사상의 정수(精髓) : 인(仁) 50
3. 소학사상 형성의 의미 61

Ⅲ. 『소학』의 교육관 64
1. 주희의 인간관과 소학관 64
1) 인간관 64
2) 소학관 70
2. 『소학』 교육의 특성 72
1) 발달과정과 단계별 교육 72
2) 주체적 배움과 가소성 77
3) 모범을 통한 훈육과 교화 81
3. 『소학』의 학습과정 89
1) 학습목적 : 습사(習事)·수기(修己) 89
2) 학습내용 : 육예(六藝) 95
3) 학습방법 : 경(敬)·지행병진(知行竝進) 120

Ⅳ. 『소학』사상의 교육적 실천 130
1. 배움시기의 재고 130
1) 평생교육 130
2) 적기교육 136
2. 교육의 내적 공간 : 가정교육 144
1) 교육공간으로서의 가정 144
2) 부모의 역할 147
3) 개인교육 152
3. 교육의 외적 공간 : 학교교육 156
1) 교육공간으로서의 학교 156
2) 교사의 역할 159
3) 공동체교육 165

Ⅴ. 요약 및 결론 171
1. 요약 171
2. 결론 176

참고문헌 179
Abstract 185

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