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Effects of Selected Probiotics and Prebiotics on Growth Performance and Gut Microbiota in Growing Pigs

  • So Yeon Lee (대학원 생명공학과 시스템식품생명공학전공)

초록/요약

It has been reported that dietary probiotics and prebiotics may help improve growth performance and alter gut microbiota pattern in pigs. The aim of this study was to find beneficial effect in respect to growth performance and gut microbiota by feeding selected probiotics and prebiotics to growing pigs. L84-02 were tolerant to gastric and bile acidic condition. These strains showed higher ability to scavenge free radical compared than other strains in this study. L84-02, P13-02 and KJP421 inhibited Yersinia enterocolitica (Y. enterocolitica) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) via their live cells or metabolites. In addition, it was observed that 3 strains exert not only protease, amylase, xylanase and phytase activities but also other enzymes related to prebiotics decomposition such as β-galactosidase. Other carbohydrates such as D-fructose and D-raffinose were decomposed by L84-02 and P13-02, and inulin was broken down by KJP421. These bacteria were considered to grow in fructooligosaccharide (FOS) and MQN media. L84-02, P13-02 and KJP421 were identified as Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri), Pediococcus pentosaceus (P. pentosaceus) and Lactobacillus planatarum (L. plantarum) respectively. Production of nitric oxide (NO) from murine-derived macrophage was reduced to the level of control at 108 CFU/mL of 3 strains. It was shown that treatment of 3 strains reduced the relative mRNA expression level of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), whereas elavating that of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF- α) and toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2) was lowered L84-02 and P13-02 treatmnet. Gut microbiota of growing pigs was altered by feeding prebiotics only or synbiotic which were combinations of prebiotics and each selected strain. Prebiotics only and synbiotic groups diminished relative amount of Prevotella and E. coli in feces. Furthermore, when prebiotics and KJP421 were treated together, the fold change of fecal Bacteroidetes was the lowest among groups showing the highest ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes. In conclusion, selected bacteria L84-02, P13-02 and KJP421 were effective when treated with FOS and MQN to change gut environment influencing the relative amount of fecal Bacteroidetes and E. coli in growing pigs.

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목차

CHAPTER 1.
1. LITERATURE REVIEW 1
1.1. GUT MICROBIOTA 2
1.1.1. Overview 2
1.1.2. Concept of Probiotics 4
1.1.3. Relationship between Disease and Gut Microbiota 5
1.1.4. Effect of Prebiotics on Gut Microbiota 12
1.1.5. Immunoregulatory Mechanism by Gut Microbiota 15
1.2. SWINE PERFORMANCE 18
1.2.1. Overview 18
1.2.2. Dietary Synbiotics in Swine Feed 21
1.3. REFERENCES 24
CHAPTER 2.
2. Selection of Probiotics Isolated from Pigs with Higher
Growth Performance 37
2.1. ABSTRACT 38
2.2. INTRODUCTION 40
2.3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 42
2.3.1. Isolation of Bacteria and Culture Condition 42
2.3.2. Bacterial Viability and Safety Tests 43
2.3.3. Gastric and Bile Acid Tolerance Tests 44
2.3.4. Antioxidant Activity 45
2.3.5. Antimicrobial Activity 46
2.3.6. Enzymatic Activity 47
2.3.7. Biochemical Assay for Enzymatic and Fermentative Activity 48
2.3.8. Growth Rate of Bacteria 49
2.3.9. Genomic DNA Extraction 50
2.3.10. Identification of Bacteria 51
2.3.11. Cell Culture 51
2.3.12. Cell Viability 52
2.3.13. Nitric Oxide Determination 53
2.3.14. RNA Isolation and cDNA Synthesis 54
2.3.15. Quantitative Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction 55
2.3.16. Statistical Analysis 57
2.4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 58
2.4.1. Gastric and Bile Acid Tolerance 58
2.4.2. Antioxidant Activity 61
2.4.3. Antimicrobial Activity 63
2.4.4. Enzymatic Activity 66
2.4.5. Semi-quantitative Enzymatic Activity 68
2.4.6. Fermentative Activity 70
2.4.7. Growth Rate by Consumption of Carbohydrates 74
2.4.8. Identification of Selected Bacteria 76
2.4.9. Cell Viability 76
2.4.10. Production of Nitric Oxide 78
2.4.11. mRNA Expression of Genes Related to Inflammation 80
2.5. CONCLUSION 85
2.6. REFERENCES 86
CHAPTER 3.
3. Effects of Dietary Probiotics and Prebiotics on Growth
Performance and Gut Microbiota in Growing Pigs 92
3.1. ABSTRACT 93
3.2. INTRODUCTION 95
3.3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 97
3.3.1. Animal Experimental Design 97
3.3.2. Genomic DNA Extraction 99
3.3.3. Quantitative Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction 100
3.3.4. Statistical Analysis 102
3.4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 103
3.4.1. Body Weight Change 103
3.4.2. Average Daily Gain, Average Daily Feed Intake and Feed Efficiency 105
3.4.3. Gut Microbiota 108
3.5. CONCLUSION 112
3.6. REFERENCES 113

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