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Lethal, Profitable, and Civilizing Agency : Drone Technopolitics Within and Beyond the Westphalian State

초록/요약

Pilotless aircraft, or drones, pose a twofold challenge to the study of International Relations. First, the machines themselves are emerging as a contentious problem in world politics, both domestically and internationally. Second, attempts to analyze ongoing societal and political struggles over drones are hampered by a tradition among IR scholars of viewing technology as an exogenous variable and a reductionist belief that the meaning of a technology is determined by its material impact on the international system over time. Must we wait for drones to become history before we can truly understand them? This research zooms in on the discursive struggles over technological meanings and explores their political ramifications. The concept of technopolitics, insights from the field of utopia studies, and an analysis of earlier technological controversies are used to develop a new framework for analyzing the adversarial processes of social shaping that are responsible for creating, sustaining, or destabilizing today’s drone assemblages. An analysis of the domestic and international levels of the debates reveals that technopolitical actors are employing cultural databanks, fictionalization, technological analogies, and contextualization to create stark imaginary futures of drone potential and attack those of their rivals. These utopian and dystopian fantasies are clustered into three broad paradigms that transcend the boundaries of the Westphalian state: lethality, profitability, and civilizing agents. Despite the vast gulf between them, these paradigms are nevertheless interlocking in some of the details of what they say, suggesting a possible roadmap for better understanding the shape and the direction of tomorrow’s drone technopolitical systems. More broadly, this research suggests that speculative fantasies are not simply erroneous predictions but play a key role in manipulating the meaning and material configuration of all technological systems. Myth-making persists in modern politics but we no longer tell these stories about gods, we tell them about our technologies.

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목차

1. Introduction 1
1.1. The Drone Problem 2
1.2. Main Argument 6
1.3. Methodology 10
1.3.1. The Drone Debate(s) 11
1.3.2. Case Selection 14
1.3.3. Texts 17
1.3.4. Text Selection 19
1.4. Plan of the Work 21
2. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Past and Present 26
2.1. Historical Development 26
2.2. Terminology and Definitions 36
2.3. Numbers 42
2.4. Drone Systems 45
2.5. Drones and Airspace 48
2.6. Summary 54
3. Theoretical Framework 56
3.1. International Relations and Technological Change 56
3.2. Sociotechnical Systems and Technopolitics 66
3.3. Utopian/Dystopian Discourses 73
3.4. Meaning Making Strategies 79
3.4.1. Cultural Databanks 80
3.4.2. Fictionalization 81
3.4.3. Technological Analogies and Metaphors 83
3.4.4. Contextualization 84
3.5. Scholarly Contribution 86
Part I 92
4. Western Military Drone Technopolitics 93
4.1. Origins of US and Israeli Drone Warfare 94
4.2. Israel Air Force 96
4.3. United States 97
4.3.1. US Air Force 99
4.3.2. US Navy 101
4.3.3. US Marine Corps 102
4.3.4. US Army 103
4.4. Royal Air Force 106
4.5. New Drone Geopolitics 107
4.6. Weaponized Drones 109
4.7. Anti-Drone Activism 112
4.7.1. Prominent Groups 113
4.7.2. Transnational Activism 118
4.8. Summary 124
5. Drones and Warfare 126
5.1. The Machines 127
5.2. The Targets 135
5.3. The Operators 148
5.4. Autonomy 157
5.5. Summary 167
6. Drones and the International System 171
6.1. Proliferation 172
6.2. Proliferation of Drone Warfare 180
6.2.1. Duplication 184
6.2.2. Corruption 188
6.3. Non-Western Drones 194
6.4. Beneficial Proliferation 203
6.5. Summary 210
Part II 216
7. Airspace Integration in the Atlantic World 217
7.1. The United States of America 218
7.1.1. Background 218
7.1.2. Actors 221
7.1.3. Current Progress 230
7.2. European Union 235
7.2.1. Background 235
7.2.2. Actors 238
7.2.3. Current Progress 248
7.3. Harmonization 252
7.4. Summary 257
8. Drones and the Economy 259
8.1. Aviation Safety 260
8.2. Economic Benefits 275
8.2.1. Lives 284
8.2.2. Autonomy 286
8.3. International Competitiveness 291
8.4. Dual-use Potential 298
8.5. Summary 303
9. Drones and the State and Society 306
9.1. Reputational Issues 307
9.2. Security 321
9.3. Privacy 330
9.3.1. Top-down Privacy Threats 338
9.3.2. Horizontal Privacy Threats 341
9.3.3. Bottom-up Privacy Threats 344
9.4. Summary 349
10. Discussion 352
10.1. Meaning Making Strategies 352
10.1.1. Cultural Databanks 353
10.1.2. Fictionalization 356
10.1.3. Technological Analogies and Metaphors 360
10.1.4. Contextualization 363
10.2. Dominant Paradigms 365
10.2.1. Lethal 366
10.2.2. Profitable 371
10.2.3. Civilized 376
11. Conclusion 383
11.1. A Drone Consensus? 384
11.2. Implications 389
Bibliography 402

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