조선시대 궁궐 후원의 체제와 운용양상
The Systems of Space Composition and the Aspects of Operation in the Rear Garden of Joseon Palace
- 주제(키워드) 조선 궁궐 , 경복궁 , 창덕궁 , 창경궁 , 후원 , 동궐도
- 발행기관 고려대학교 대학원
- 지도교수 심우경
- 발행년도 2015
- 학위수여년월 2015. 2
- 학위구분 박사
- 학과 일반대학원 환경생태공학과
- 세부전공 환경계획 및 조경학
- 원문페이지 341 p
- 실제URI http://www.dcollection.net/handler/korea/000000058319
- 본문언어 한국어
- 제출원본 000045828377
초록/요약
This study is to analyze the management system of the Changdeokgung (昌德宮) Palace’s rear garden which was organized under the spatial foundation of mountain area and the substitution of functional type of the Changdeokgung Palace’s rear garden in Gyeongbokgung (景福宮) Palace which was reconstructed during the era of King Gojong (高宗). What this study focuses on first is the spatial characteristic of Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910) Palace’s rear garden, namely mountainous rear garden. Hanyang (漢陽) was chosen as the capital of Joseon Dynasty because of feng shui theory. The same is true of the site of the main palace, Gyeongbokgung Palace, the north side of which used for the rear garden is located around main range of mountain, since the palace is located near the main mountain. Changdeokgung Palace which was constructed during King Taejong’s reign was located just below Eungbong (鷹峯) which is another range of Samkaksan (三角山) mountain, which was the result that reflected the traditional geography that tried to provide housing with the mountain energy. This concept was applied to the arrangement, as main palaces related to the King such as the Jeongjeon (正殿: royal audience chamber), Pyeonjeon (便殿: royal office), and Chimjeon (寢殿: royal residence) are located along the range of main mountain. Since palaces were located around the main mountain due to feng shui theory, the site of rear garden was naturally energetic and healthy. That’s why the rear garden was the perfect place for the King and royal members to cultivate body and mind and to refresh their mind. However, since the rear garden was the passage of energy of main mountain range, the area should be protected and kept from being damaged. The passive development has been seen in the rear garden to preserve the main mountain range, since the original ground was not damaged and the minimum of artificiality was added to the nature. Next, this study examined the structurally differentiated components and established management system of the rear garden of Joseon Dynasty’s palaces. Over a long time, the Joseon Dynasty’s palaces have been destroyed and rebuilt repeatedly. However, the certain type of space which was differentiated for the rear garden has remained without change and all components are satisfied especially in main palaces. In fact, the rear garden has been used as the organically fusion system of political space and life space for royal family. The functions of rear garden modeled on Changdeokgung Palace can be divided as a space to conduct national events, a farm land to encourage agriculture, a political building used for the King’s political base and a separate garden as the King’s private space. This rear garden’s composition was formed as a whole at Changdeokgung Palace in the late Joseon Dynasty and such composition and the importance of functions emerged especially when Gyeongbokgung Palace was reconstructed during King Gojong’s reign. Derived results about different space types which specify the construction of rear gardens are as follows. First, the main functional spaces of the rear garden in Changdeokgung Palace are divided into the vacant space on its front side and the King’s private space on its back side. In order to show the King's sovereignty and dignity, the large gathering space is built in the front side of vacant space. This was the infrastructure to manage the nation smoothly, since various events such as civil service exam, military training, party for royal family and servants, and archery were held in the multi-purpose vacant space of the rear garden. Chundangdae (春塘臺) was the typical multi-purpose vacant space in Changdeokgung Palace. Gyeongmudae was newly built in the rear garden outside Shinmu Gate by imitating Chundangdae (景武臺) after reconstruction of Gyeongbokgung Palace during King Gojong’s reign and after the rename of Gyeongungung (慶運宮) Palace, large-scale military training like the Kwanbyeongsik (觀兵式: military exercise) was held in the vacant place of Gyeongheegung Palace. Ungyo (雲橋) Bridge was built to connect Gyeongungung Palace to the vacant space of Gyeongheegung palace which was the actual outside rear garden and to expand the garden’s function by linking two physically separated spaces. Second, another vacant space built on the front side of the rear garden was the rear garden farmland. This was built near Chundangdae with frequent public access to advertise the agriculture promotion policy and to encourage agriculture which was the foundation of national economy. The first rear garden farmland was built by King Sejong in need of testing agricultural methods and cultivating crops that were introduced in Nongsa Jikseol (農事直設). The rear garden farmland of Changdeokgung Palace which was subsequently built by King Seongjong can be understood in line with the Chinkyungrye (親耕禮: thr Rite of King`s Plowing). On the other hand, the farmland around Gyeongnongjae (慶農齋) building outside Shinmumun Gate substituted for the historical function of the rear garden farmland. Third, the back side of the rear garden was an off-limits area except the king. Even though pavilions and ponds for the king’s recess were normally built in this area, there existed the rear garden political building which showed the King’s political position. Historically, there was a palace which functioned as the political building in the rear garden of Changdeokgung Palace, and Yeongyeongdang (演慶堂) Building which was built by Crown Prince Hyomyeong (孝明) in the late of Joseon Dynasty was the typical example of the political building which was used to enhance the legitimacy of the royal family and to discuss the political affairs. In case of Gyeongbukgung reconstruction, the role of the rear garden political building continued as the King Gojong constructed Geoncheonggung (乾淸宮) Building as the government base. However, as the King Gojong used Yeongyeongdang Building like Geoncheonggung Building again due to two large fires in Gyeongbukgung Palace, this area was changed similar to the space composition of Hyangwonjeong (香遠亭) Pavilion around Geoncheonggung Building. The reason why the space around Jondeokjeong (尊德亭) Pavilion at the King Gojong’s 21st year(year 1884) was changed significantly was that the space was renovated for similar space composition with Hyangwonji (香遠池) Pond. The landscape design and space purpose of the rear garden political building was changed according to the King’s preference and ground condition. However, the construction of 2 rear garden political buildings cannot be explained only by the randomness of his taste but can be defined as the product that reflects the age and background of the rear garden political building. Lastly, the private functional space in the rear garden is the rear garden separate garden. The typical separate garden in Changdeokgung Palace was Ocryucheon (玉流川). Ocryucheon was the King’s own space where he could freely express individual desire and emotion without worrying about the rumors spreading to his servants since it was located in the northernmost area among rear gardens. Therefore, Ocryucheon was the best place for King’s recess and leisure. and built with top class landscape architecture. Those types of separate gardens was applied to outside Shinmumun Gate by Gyeongbukgung Palace reconstruction during King Gojong’s reign. In other words, waterscape facilities were constructed around streams of Baekaksan Mountain, and Ocryeonjeong (玉蓮亭) Pavilion, Oungak (五雲閣) Building and Byeokhwasil (碧華室) Building were built. Most of them had direct or indirect relationship with Ocryucheon in Changdeokgung Palace, and it is assumed that the peculiar form of Cheonha-Jaeil-Bokji-Cheon (天下第一福地泉) Spring and Streams imitated the function of Curve-Stream Banquet on Ocryucheon. In addition Oungak Building was constructed as residential housing like Nongsanjeong (籠山亭) Building on Ocryucheon, which expressed the construction purpose to apply the function and status of Ocryucheon to Gyeongbukgung Palace. The space imitating ocryuchon in Changdeokgung Palace was built around Sandan (山壇) Altar located in a secluded mountain valley. It means that Sandan area was the place that was reproduced and constructed in the rear garden as the second Ocryucheon like the function of Ocryucheon by unique space composition. The rear garden during Joseon Dynasty showed the fusion composition of infrastructure for administration of nation and the King’s life space. In short, while kings extended their reign to the rear garden to strengthen their authority and dignity, and used the rear garden for spatial order, their rest area was moved back and located on rugged mountain area. Surely, these respective locations can be said as a result of the optimized position in accordance with ground condition, the function and purpose. Especially when the King gojong built the rear garden outside Shinmumun (神武門) Gate as the substitution for the rear garden of Changdeokgung Palace, the system and management of the rear garden which had been established as time went by came to the surface. In this regard, the effort to bring the rear garden system of Chandeokgung Palace into reconstructed Gyeongbukgung Palace provides implication to consider the normative system of the rear garden during Joseon Dynasty.
more목차
▪ 표 목차 ⅳ
▪ 그림목차 ⅴ
Ⅰ. 서 론 01
1. 연구의 배경과 목적 01
2. 조선시대 궁궐 후원의 분류방식 및 운영개념의 검토 04
1) 물리적 공간 영역에 따른 후원 구성의 구분 04
2) 분화된 기능 유형에 따른 분류 17
3) 궁궐 상호간 후원 핵심 기능의 치환(置換) 30
Ⅱ. 연구사 33
1. 조선시대 궁궐 후원에 관한 선행연구 33
2. 후원의 공간구성 및 기능에 대한 선행연구 37
1) 후원에 마련된 집회용 공간에 대한 연구 37
2) 후원 농경지[내농포]에 관한 연구 38
3) 후원에서 정치적 기능을 갖는 일곽에 관한 연구 38
4) 후원 경승지에 관한 연구 39
Ⅲ. 연구의 범위 및 방법 41
1. 연구의 범위 41
2. 연구의 방법 45
Ⅳ. 조선시대 궁궐 후원의 공간특성: 산지후원(山地後苑) 47
1. 후원의 소극적 개발원인 47
1) 한국 전통의 보편정서와 미의식에 근거한 태도 47
2) 임금의 후원 개발과 유관(遊觀)에 대한 비판적 시각 52
3) 내맥(來脈)의 보호 56
2. 한양 도성과 궁궐의 풍수적 입지 59
1) 한양 도성의 입지 과정과 의의 59
2) 한양의 지리적 조건 66
3. 조선 궁궐의 풍수적 입지 및 배치 69
1) 아미사(蛾眉砂)를 통해 본 경복궁의 입지와 배치 70
2) 창덕궁의 전각배치에 나타난 풍수적 입지 95
3) 창덕궁과 경복궁 간 정전배치의 유사성과 풍수논리 102
4) 동시대 중국 자금성 입지와 비교 105
5) 고려시대 개경 궁궐입지와 비교 110
4. 조선 궁궐 후원의 공간특성과 함의 120
5. 소결 125
Ⅴ. 조선시대 궁궐 후원 기능의 분화와 궁궐 간 치환 양상 127
1. 후원 다용도 공지: 국왕의 통치권 유지를 위한 공간 127
1) 고려시대의 사례: 구정(毬庭) 128
2) 조선시대 궁궐 후원 다용도 공지의 시대별 조성양상 128
3) 다용도 공지의 입지와 공간의 성격 137
4) 고종 연간 후원 다용도 공지의 조성과 의의 141
5) 소결 154
2. 후원 농경지: 농업의 장려․권장의 공간 156
1) 후원 농경지의 의의와 연간 생활사 157
2) 궁궐 후원 농경지의 조영과 운영양상 177
3) 후원 농경지의 공간특성과 궁궐 간 치환 양상 197
4) 소결 202
3. 후원 정당(政堂): 후원에 조성된 국왕의 정치적 근거지 205
1) 후원정당의 역사적 맥락 205
2) 창덕궁 존덕정지의 변천과정 208
3) 고종 연간 경복궁 향원지와 창덕궁 개축 존덕정지의 공간구성을 통해 본
후원 정당의 요건 225
4) 소결 234
4. 후원 별원(別園): 임금의 휴식․위락을 위한 사적 공간 236
1) 창덕궁 옥류천 권역 236
2) 중건 경복궁 후원 오운각(五雲閣) 권역 262
3) 산단(山壇) 권역: 창덕궁 후원 내에서 옥류천을 모방하여 조성된 공간 279
4) 소결 306
Ⅵ. 결론 310
▪ 인용문헌 317
▪ 국문초록 323
