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창덕궁 후원 존덕정 일원의 조영사적 특성

  • 송석호 (대학원 환경생태공학과 환경계획및조경학전공)

초록/요약

Changdeok Palace has been designated as a World Cultural Heritage site since 1997 for representing a historical Korean palace where the majority of kings of the Joseon Dynasty(朝鮮, 1392~1910) stayed. It is especially renowned for the rear garden, or the King’s garden which preserves the beauty of the natural environment and highlights the four seasons with minimum artificial modifications in landscape design. King Injo was described as the most enthusiastic King when it came to improving Changdeok Palace’s Rear Garden. He built Taeaek Pond(太液池) in the twelfth year(1634) of his reign, created Ongnyucheon(玉流川) in the fourteenth year, and erected the part of Jondeokjeong(尊德亭) after Byungjahoran(丙子胡亂, 1636). However some parts of Jondeokjeong created after Byungjahoran, such as bamboo pavilion, hexagonal-shaped pavilion, and octagonal-shaped pavilion, had several differences from previous features in the Rear Garden of Changdeok Palace. This study indicated that Crown Prince Sohyun, the first son of King Injo, and Prince Bonglim, the second son of Injo, effected these changes due to the fact that they were taken as hostages by The Qing Dynasty. These two were forced to travel between Changdeok Palace and Shenyang(沈陽故宮) Palace, which was the Main Palace of Qing Dynasty before it was included as part of the Forbidden City. Also, this study determined the location of two buildings that vanished within Jondeokjeong in Changdoek Palace, Chungyeongak(淸讌閣) and Mangchunjeong(望春亭), by analyzing Uhjae-Gunggueolji(御製宮闕志) written by King Sukjong and Jeongbo-Uhjae-Gunggueolji(增補御製宮闕志), an upgraded version of Uhjae-Gunggueolji during King Hunjong’s reign. Furthermore this study revealed four nameless buildings on Donggwoldo, the painting of whole Changdeok Palace and Changgyung Palace, as Simchujeong(深秋亭), Chunhyanggak(天香閣), Cheoknoedang(滌惱堂), and Taechungmun(太淸門) by analyzing Uhjae-Gunggueolji and Jeongbo-Uhjae- Gunggueolji. In addition, this study discovered the fact that all four nameless buildings were built between King Injo’s and King Sukjong’s reign. With grounds on Gojongsilrok(高宗實錄: Annals of the King Gojong) and two pictures, ‘Scene in Old Palace Grounds’[recorded in the book ‘Korea from its Capital’ written by George William Gilmore(1858~1933) who visited Korea in late nineteen century], and ‘Summer House in the New Palace Grounds’[taken by Percival Lowell (1855~1910) collected at Museum of Fine Arts, Boston], it can be judged that the juncture of having transformed ponds at Jondeokjeong area was the twenty-first year of King Gojong’s(1884) reign. Furthermore, it can be confirmed that Seungjaegeongb(勝在亭) and Gwanlamjeong(觀纜亭) were constructed during the same period as Jondeokjeoung as they also had transformed ponds. The early part of construction, while Prince Sohyun and Bonglim were taken as hostages, was influenced by the style of architecture of the Qing Dynasty, and it later was reflected in the creation of Jondeokjeoung. Since then, this style of architecture was absorbed in original Korean traditional landscape architecture form and further developed. Particularly during King Sukjong’s reign, creating Imaginary Environments had reached its climax and this King’s private space was used for their cultivation of the body and mind. In the middle of its construction, which was during King Jungjo’s and King Sunjo’s reign, the usage of Imaginary Environments expanded from the exclusive use of the king to include the interaction of the sovereign’s subjects. Thus it became a space with academic atmosphere where they can improve their great spirit in beautiful Imaginary Environments. In the late period of construction, since Gyeongbok(景福宮) Palace was successfully reconstructed, and King Gojong moved from Changdeok Palace to Gyeongbok Palace, Changdeok Palace and its Rear Garden were no longer the premier palace and garden. During the late period of construction pressure from the Western Powers, unstable political situations, and frequent fires, made King Gojong move repeatedly between Geoncheong(乾淸宮) palace in Gyeongbok Palace, and Yeonkyeongdang(演慶堂) in Changdeok Palace. The important note here is the fact that King Gojong used to enjoy boating at Hyangwonjeong(香遠亭) and Chwihyanggyo(醉香橋) within Hyangwonji(香遠池) in Geoncheong palace. He did not give up his hobby even at Yeonkyeongdang in Changdeok Palace. To continue boating, he expanded the pond at Jondeokjung. Thus, it can be determined that the transformed ponds at Jondeokjeong area existed during the twenty-first year of King Gojong’s(1884) reign. With this, it can be established that King Gojong changed some part of Jondeokjung by his own desire and this upset an existing claim that the transformation of pond was caused by Japan. As the purpose of the Rear Garden was expanded to entertain foreign envoys and honored guests, its original intention where the King uses the space for his own physical and mental cultivation was lost. In addition, there were five evidences which proved the Rear Garden lost its meaning as an Imaginary Environment: Taechungmoon(太淸門) and Flowerwall surrounding Taechungmoon disappeared, oddly shaped stone and stone plant pot covered with embossed carving of toad which symbolized sacred of gods were moved from inside of Taechungmoon to Jangrakmoon(長樂門) in Yeonkyeongdang(演慶堂), six angled stone plant pots was relocated from Jondeokjung to Seoungjaejung, Cheonhwyanggak, and showy wall around it were lost, Banwalji(半月池), Bangji(方池), and Wonjiwondo(圓池圓島) were transformed. These evidences further confirmed that the initial objective of creating Rear Garden of Changdeok Palace as an Imaginary Environment had faded away.

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목차

▪ ABSTRACT ⅰ
▪ 표 목차 ⅶ
▪ 그림목차 ⅷ


Ⅰ. 서 론 01


Ⅱ. 연구사 04


Ⅲ. 연구의 범위 및 방법 06
1. 연구의 범위 06
2. 연구의 방법 07
1) 조영사적 고찰 07
2) 중국 심양고궁과의 비교 15
3) 공간성격 변천과정 분석 16

Ⅳ. 결과 및 고찰 17

1. 존덕정 일원의 조영사 17
1) 동궐도가 그려지기 전에 소실된 건물 18
2) 동궐도에 그려진 무편액 건물 28
3) 동궐도가 그려진 후에 세워진 건물 52
4) 지당 61
5) 소결 79

2. 중국 심양고궁과의 상관성 80
1) 소현세자와 봉림대군 귀근과 후원조영 80
2) 창덕궁 존덕정과 심양고궁 대정전 83
3) 소결 89

3. 존덕정 일원의 공간성격 변천과정 90
1) 조영초기(인조․효종․현종․숙종) 90
2) 조영중기(경종․영조․정조․순조) 97
3) 조영후기(헌종․철종․고종) 109
4) 소결 117


Ⅴ. 결론 118


* 인용문헌 124
* 부록 130
1.「동궐도」후원 130
2.「동궐도」창덕궁 139
3.「동궐도」창경궁 145

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