Aging이 토양경작에 의한 유류오염 토양 정화에 미치는 영향
Landfarming Treatment on Aged and Freshly Diesel-Contaminated Soils
- 주제(키워드) aging , landfarming , bioremediation
- 발행기관 고려대학교 대학원
- 지도교수 김정규
- 발행년도 2012
- 학위수여년월 2012. 2
- 학위구분 박사
- 학과 일반대학원 농화학과
- 세부전공 토양학·식물영양학 및 농약학전공
- 원문페이지 127 p
- 실제URI http://www.dcollection.net/handler/korea/000000033130
- 본문언어 한국어
- 제출원본 000045696597
초록/요약
ABSTRACT In this study, two diesel contaminated soils were preprepared 1) diesel-contaminated soil (i.e., aged soil) was collected from old military camp site which had been used over last five decades and 2) artificially diesel-contaminated soil (i.e., fresh soil) was manufactured from laboratory by spiking similar concentration of diesel component into clean soils. Comparative study was conducted for those two diesel contaminated soils with respect to the effect of aging on 1) the residual concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) and n-alkanes during the landfarming treatment and 2) the efficacy of chemical oxidation (5% H2O2 treatment) for post-landfarming soils with exhibiting apparent tailing of diesel degradation. In addition, the effect of aging on temporal change of several biological indices (i.e., number of microorganism, soil respiration, microbial biomass, soil enzyme, lettuce, and earthworm) during the remediation process was investigated and the statistic correlation analysis between those indices were conducted as well. 1. The effect of aging on the efficacy of remediation treatment. The greater efficacy of landfarming treatment, as indicated by the residual concentration TPHs and n-alkanes and the degradation rate constant (), was observed for fresh soils compared to aged soils. In addition, the degradation rate constant was greater for n-alkane with lower carbon number (small molecuar weight). The kinetic model fitted with 3-parameter (), rather than 2-parameter(), was found better to describe the degradation pattern as indicated by the coefficient of determinant (R2). As the constant in the 3-parameter model indicates the degradation resistant fraction, the magnitude of becomes greater as aging period increases. Therefore, the aging period, well as the type and concentration of petroleum species, should considered at the stage of setting up the remediation strategy. The extended duration of remediation would be expected for long-lasting contaminated sites. At the timing of degradation tailing during landfarming treatment, the application of chemical oxidation with 5% hydrogen peroxide was found effective for further reducing TPH concentration in the fresh soils. However, similar effect was not apparent in the aged soils. Upon applying chemical oxidation treatment at the timing of degradation tailing, the content of n-alkanes decreased, whereas the content of residual hydrocarbon did not decreased for both soils. The phenomena is probably due to the fact that there will be a lower chance for oxidants to react with the target contaminants in aged soils since contaminants are sequestered in micro-pores in developed in aged soils, thereby leading to the less effective oxidation process. 2. The effect of aging on the biological activities during remediation process. As a result of correlation analysis between residual TPH concentration and biological indices, the TPH concentration in aged soils showed positive correlation with n-alkane group, HUB(hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria), microbial biomass-C, and earthworm mass reduction, whereas showing negative correlation with dehydrogenase activity, earthworm survival, lettuce germination, and lettuce biomass at the significance level of 1% (P<0.01). At the significance level of 5% (P<0.05), THB(total heterotrophic bacteria) and soil respiration showed positive correlation and lipase activity showed negative correlation with TPH concentration. Meanwhile, the TPH concentration in fresh soils showed positive correlation with n-alkane group, soil respiration, microbial biomass-C, and alkaline PME(phosphomonoesterase) activity, whereas showing negative correlation with lipase activity, earthworm survival, lettuce germination, and lettuce biomass. Over the diesel degradation process, the THP concentrations were positively correlated with n-alkane group, soil respiration, microbial biomass-C, lipase activity, earthworm survival, lettuce germination, and lettuce biomass, regardless of the aging period. On the other hand, the activity of alkaline PME and lipase was highly correlated with TPH degradation in fresh soils, whereas microbial number(THB and HUB), dehydrogenase, and earthworm mass reduction were highly correlated with TPH degradation in aged soils. Therefore, it can be concluded that 1) information of biological monitoring indices can be utilized to evaluate the status of cleanup of petroleum contaminated soils when landfarming treatment is employed for soil remediation technology, but 2) the proper biological indices should be appropriately selected and utilized by taking account of the duration of soil contamination which will be dominating the quality of biological indices of petroleum contaminated soils.
more목차
I. 서론 1
II. 연구사 5
1. 유류오염 5
1.1 유류오염 특성 및 유류의 종류ㆍ성질 5
1.2 토양에 흡착된 유기오염물질의 생물학적 유효도(bioavailability) 10
1.3 Aging 효과 10
1.4 분해속도 모델 12
2. 유류오염 토양 정화공법 15
2.1 토양경작법(landfarming) 15
2.1.1 개요 15
2.1.2 토양경작의 장·단점 15
2.1.3 토양경작의 주요 운영인자 17
2.1.4 석유계탄화수소(petroleum hydrocarbons)의 생분해 20
2.2 화학적 산화(chemical oxidation) 22
2.2.1 개요 22
2.2.2 펜톤산화제 및 반응 메커니즘 23
2.2.3 산화제 주입량 및 주입농도 24
2.2.4 영향인자 26
3. 오염토양 정화과정 생물학적 모니터링 28
III. 재료 및 방법 33
1. 재료 33
1.1 오염토양 33
1.2 인위 오염토양 33
2. 실험방법 33
2.1 토양의 이화학성 분석 36
2.2 인위 오염토양 조제 36
2.3 오염토양 처리구 36
2.4 유류오염 정화 37
2.4.1 토양경작법 37
2.4.2 화학적 산화공법 37
2.5 TPH(석유계총탄화수소) 분석 38
2.5.1 가스크로마토그래피(GC/FID) 분석 38
2.5.2 탄소번호별 함량분석 38
2.6 미생물 활성 분석 41
2.6.1 미생물 수(number of microorganism) 41
2.6.2 토양호흡량 및 미생물생체량 41
2.7 토양효소 분석 43
2.7.1 Dehydrogenase 43
2.7.2 Urease 43
2.7.3 Alkaline phosphomonoesterase 44
2.7.4 Lipase 44
2.8 생태독성 실험 44
2.8.1 상추 발아 및 생육 45
2.8.2 지렁이 생육 45
IV. 결과 및 고찰 47
1. 공시토양 분석 및 실험기간 동안의 토양온도ㆍVOCs 측정 결과 47
1.1 공시토양의 이화학성 분석결과 47
1.2 토양온도 측정 결과 49
1.3 VOCs(휘발성유기화합물) 발생량 측정 결과 51
2. Aging이 유류오염 정화효율에 미치는 영향 53
2.1 TPH 저감 53
2.2 n-Alkane group의 저감 58
2.3 n-Alkane 개별 탄소함량 저감 62
2.4 Tailing과 연계한 화학적 산화 67
3. Aging이 유류오염 정화과정의 생물학적 활성에 미치는 영향 74
3.1 미생물 수(number of microorganism) 74
3.2 토양호흡량 및 미생물생체량 76
3.3 토양효소 활성(soil enzyme activity) 78
3.4 상추 발아 및 생육 80
3.5 지렁이 생육 82
3.6 생물학적 지표와의 상관관계 86
4. 종합고찰 92
요 약 97
참고문헌 100
